![]() In this review, we provide an update on canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis pathways and various mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated gene regulations. Extracellular miRNAs function as chemical messengers to mediate cell-cell communication. ![]() miRNAs can be secreted into extracellular fluids and transported to target cells via vesicles, such as exosomes, or by binding to proteins, including Argonautes. The interaction of miRNAs with their target genes is dynamic and dependent on many factors, such as subcellular location of miRNAs, the abundancy of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. Under certain conditions, miRNAs can also activate translation or regulate transcription. However, interaction of miRNAs with other regions, including the 5′ UTR, coding sequence, and gene promoters, have also been reported. In most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and translational repression. ![]() The majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs and processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally mature miRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. ![]() Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.Jacob O'Brien, Heyam Hayder, Yara Zayed and Chun Peng * ![]()
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